Israel’s fragmented politics and coalition rule explained

Israel holds legislative elections on October 27, with 38 lists competing under a proportional representation system that has necessitated coalition governments since the state's founding in 1948. No party has ever won an absolute majority without negotiating alliances. The fragmented political landscape reflects deep demographic divisions, including a growing ultra-Orthodox population now exceeding 14 percent. Major blocs include secular Zionists, religious Zionists, Arab parties, and ultra-Orthodox groups, with centrist and right-wing factions competing for power amid security concerns following October 7. Key political figures include Benjamin Netanyahu, Gadi Eisenkot, and Yair Lapid, who currently exclude cooperation with Arab parties. Arab voter turnout is projected at 63 percent, up from 56 percent in 2022, potentially influencing coalition formation or the maintenance of an interim government.