COP31 opens in Turkey with energy and climate finance talks

The COP31 UN climate conference begins Monday in Antalya, Turkey, with nearly 200 countries negotiating energy transition, climate finance, and adaptation measures until November 20. Turkey holds the official presidency while Australia leads negotiations, a first-time arrangement. Brazil will formally hand over the COP30 presidency and push its roadmaps for reducing fossil fuel dependence and ending deforestation by 2030. Key expected outcomes include defining the Just Transition Mechanism, advancing a global electrification target, and tripling adaptation finance. The conference also launches the second Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement, due for completion in 2028.