Airlines optimize flight paths using great circle routes for efficiency

Great Circle Routes (GCRs) are the shortest paths between two points on the Earth's surface, calculated using spherical trigonometry. They differ from straight lines on flat maps due to the Earth's spherical shape, often leading to longer perceived distances. In aviation, GCRs are used to optimize flight paths, minimizing fuel consumption and travel time. However, actual flight routes may vary due to factors like jet streams, weather, airspace restrictions, and navigation requirements, resulting in longer ground distances. Recent advancements in aircraft technology and optimized flight planning have led to record-breaking flight times, particularly across the North Atlantic. For example, a British Airways flight recently completed the journey from New York to London in under five hours, setting a new subsonic speed record.