Network segmentation without VLANs

Network segmentation can be achieved without VLANs using software-based solutions like Access Control Lists (ACLs) on routers or firewalls. These methods allow granular control over network traffic by IP or MAC addresses, or through protocol-based rules, offering an alternative to traditional VLAN segmentation. Emerging software-defined networking tools and hardware-based microsegmentation features also provide flexible and powerful options for network segmentation.