M23 rebels expand control in eastern DR Congo's mineral-rich North Kivu province

M23 rebels, backed by Rwanda, now control about 70% of North Kivu province in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Their influence has expanded significantly since late 2021, targeting areas rich in minerals like gold and coltan. Despite a cease-fire agreement in August, M23 resumed offensives in October, capturing key locations such as Kalembe and Rubaya. The group generates substantial income from taxes on coltan production, estimated at $300,000 per month. The Congolese government accuses M23 of exporting coltan to Rwanda, with reports of Rwandan soldiers directly supporting the rebels. The conflict has resulted in nearly 1,700 violent incidents and over 1,700 deaths since November 2021.