How India's Rajya Sabha votes on bills and sends them to the President

In India's Rajya Sabha, ordinary bills need a simple majority of voting members, while constitutional amendments require a special majority, shaping legislative outcomes. Bills pass five stages: first reading, a second reading with committee scrutiny, and a final third-reading vote. Voting begins with voice, then electronic division or paper slips. Money bills cannot be rejected or amended; they must be returned within 14 days. If the houses deadlock for over six months, the President convenes a joint sitting under Article 108, where a simple majority decides. Passed bills then proceed to the President for final assent.